Objective To retrospectively observe the clinical efficacy, patient compliance and economic evaluation of secondary prophylaxis in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Methods From April 2017 to October 2018, 131 patients with indications for secondary prophylaxis were observed, who were diagnosed clearly and given a medium-risk chemotherapy in Oncology Department in the People’s Hospital of Deyang City. Based on the treatment of neutropenia, patients were divided into two groups. Secondary prevention was conducted in group A (72 patients). Patients were further divided into two sub-groups. Thirty-seven patients in sub-group A1 were injected subcutaneously with recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) at a dose of 5?μg/kg. Thirty-five patients in sub-group A2 were subcutaneously injected with pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF). Blood tests were performed regularly after chemotherapy in group B (59 patients). When grade 2 to 4 neutropenia occurred, rhG-CSF was injected subcutaneously at 5?μg/kg. A series of items were compared in these groups, such as the number of patients receiving full-dose of chemotherapy at established cycles, frequency of 3 to 4 degree neutropenia and febrile neutropenia, days of chemotherapy cycle, patient compliance, non-chemotherapeutic consumption and so on. Results Composition ratio of patients receiving full-dose of chemotherapy at established cycles: ratio of group A was higher than that of group B (P?< 0.05); Composition ratio of 3 to 4 degree neutropenia’s frequency: ratio of group A was lower than that of group B (P?< 0.05); Composition ratio of FN’s frequency: ratio of group A was less than that of group B (P??0.05); Non-chemotherapeutic consumption: consumption of group A was more than that of group B (P?