Objective To explore effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on curative effect and peripheral blood CD34+ with brain injury. Methods 147 cases with traumatic brain injury in our hospital were collected from February 2015 to May 2016. Patients were divided into observation group and control group based on whether accepted the hyperbaric oxygen therapy or not. Therapeutic effects were assessed 4 courses after treatment. Extents of coma were assessed before treatment and 4 courses after treatment by glasgow coma scale (GCS). Brain injury disability was assessed by dementia rating scale. The prognosis was assessed with glasgow outcome scale (GOS) after the treatment of 6 months. Absolute numbers of CD34+ cell were tested on admission and day 1, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 after therapy by flow cytometer. Results The difference of the total effective rateafter treatment between observation group and the control group was significant (P < 0.05), the total effective rate was higher in the observation group than that in the control group. The difference of GCS and DRS scoresafter treatment between observation group and the control group was significant (P < 0.05), and the GCS scores were higher in the observation group than that in the control group. The DRS scores were lower in the observation group than that in the control group. The difference of GOS grade after the treatment of 6 months between the observation group and the control group was significant (P < 0.05), and the GOS grades were higher in the observation group than that in the control group. The peripheral blood CD34+ count of observationgroup was increased with time, and after 3-days treatment, the difference of peripheral blood CD34+ count after 3-days treatment between the observation group and the control group was significant (P < 0.05), and the peripheral blood CD34+ count was more in the observation group than that in the control group, and reached its peak in the 7 days after treatment, the peripheral blood CD34+ count drops was gradually afterwards. Conclusions Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can ease the extent of coma and brain injury disability, improve the prognosis. It may be associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy activate bone marrow stem cell mobilization with brain injury patients, and CD34+ may participate in trauma recovery of central nervous.