Invasive aspergillosis, a subset of invasive fungal infections, represents a critical opportunistic complication in immunocompromised renal transplant recipients. Despite renal transplantation being a definitive therapy for end-stage renal disease, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis profoundly compromises post-transplant survival and quality of life. Clinically, IPA frequently manifests with nonspecific symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, and fever, often delaying definitive diagnosis. Advances in diagnostic modalities have revolutionized IPA detection, extending beyond conventional thoracic computed tomography to multimodal strategies including fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, next-generation sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, galactomannan antigen assays, β-D-glucan testing, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Voriconazole continues to serve as the cornerstone of antifungal therapy, while emerging immunomodulatory strategies aimed at recalibrating host immunity show transformative potential. This review systematically evaluates contemporary diagnostic paradigms, evidence-based therapeutic algorithms, and persistent challenges in IPA management, offering actionable insights to refine clinical decision-making for transplant-associated aspergillosis.